{"id":1389,"date":"2024-10-02T15:24:52","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T08:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gerahitech.vn\/?p=1389"},"modified":"2024-10-02T15:39:41","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T08:39:41","slug":"5-nguyen-tac-co-ban-cua-may-dem-hat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gerahitech.vn\/en\/5-nguyen-tac-co-ban-cua-may-dem-hat\/","title":{"rendered":"5 Fundamentals Of Particle Counters"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1391\" src=\"https:\/\/gerahitech.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/making-sense-of-particle-counters-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"714\" height=\"649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gerahitech.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/making-sense-of-particle-counters-3.jpg 714w, https:\/\/gerahitech.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/making-sense-of-particle-counters-3-300x273.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Particle counters do just that: they count particles. They are used in\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.golighthouse.com\/en\/blog\/what-is-a-cleanroom-and-how-using-a-cleanroom-can-benefit-you-445\"><strong>cleanrooms<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0to count and size the particles in the air so the cleanroom can stay in proper working function and meet crucial certification criteria. The fundamentals of particle counters are relatively simple. You need to know how and why they work. If you have a basic grasp of these fundamentals, you\u2019ll be on your way to better understanding particle counters.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Particle Sizing And Why It Matters<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Our\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.golighthouse.com\/en\/airborne-particle-counters\"><strong>particle counters<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0detect some tiny particles. They are so small, the only way to detect them is through high-accuracy lasers, but we\u2019ll get to that in a minute.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">As an example, these are the sizes of some common particles:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Average human hair: 100 microns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Salt grain: 60 microns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Pollen: 15 microns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Bacteria: 5 microns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Viruses: 0.1 microns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">COVID-19 virus: 0.06 to 0.14 microns<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/53394.html\"><strong>ISO 14644-1<\/strong><\/a>:2015 identifies particles as smaller than 0.1 microns as ultrafine particles and particles larger than 5 microns as macro-particles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">But advancing technologies, such as photography, are driving us to detect particles even smaller, such as those in the nanometer range. So we work every day on technology to detect these particles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">It\u2019s critical to know the size of particles in your cleanroom for manufacturing, but also for certification. Cleanroom Certification requires a concentration of particles to be below accepted limits of a sample volume based on the Class of Cleanroom, particle size tested and the Cleanroom operation based on the number of HEPA filters, type of filter, and the number of air changes per hour.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0Anatomy Of A Particle Counter\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">We use light scattering to detect and size particles. But it\u2019s not a perfect science. That being said, it\u2019s the best technology we have to date. So as you decide on where to source your particle counter or where to service it, make sure they are the ones setting industry standards and best practices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Particle counters house a laser sensor block inside them that does the processing of the particles. This block contains the following elements:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Laser diode<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Sample inlet<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Sample exhaust<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Sample view volume (the area where particles pass through the laser and scatter light)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Sensor cavity &amp; optics<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Photodetector<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">These components allow the particle counter to move air through the sensor block and detect the size of the particle through light scattering.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><span style=\"line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">3. Fundamental Methods Particle Counters Use To Collect &amp; Size Particles<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Now that we know and understand what the inside of a particle counter looks like, we can recognize how the air is brought into the particle counter for evaluation. This is the key to understanding the fundamentals of particle counters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Through the use of a pump, a vacuum is created that pulls in air from outside the particle counter. That vacuum pulls the air from the inlet through the laser diode and then out through the exhaust.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">As the air passes through the inlet, it\u2019s compressed so that we can get the most accurate light scattering reading possible. When it passes through the diode, it reflects the light, causing light scattering. The larger the particle, the more light is reflected. That\u2019s where the photodetector comes into play. The photodetector is what converts the light energy into a voltage signal. This way, we are able to quantify the physical size of the particle and present a particle count! Those are the fundamentals of how a particle counter works.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>4. Where Particles Come From In A Cleanroom<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">If everything is working correctly, you shouldn\u2019t be seeing many particles at all in your cleanroom. But they do get in there! How?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Personnel are the highest source of contaminants in cleanrooms, accounting for 75% to 80% of particles found. We shed skin, hair, and microorganisms constantly \u2013 even when we are sitting. We shed about 40,000 skin cells every minute. Even when we are stationary, we generate about 100,000 particles of 0.3 microns or larger. When we\u2019re moving, that number increases to more than 5,000,000. (That\u2019s a lot of potential contamination if guidelines are not strictly adhered to.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Our gowns even have contamination \u2013 so the antiseptic gowning protocol is important. Often, people don\u2019t gown properly, leaving skin around the wrist exposed. This is a huge risk within a cleanroom as bacteria and viable particles can be introduced into the environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">While you\u2019re in the cleanroom, the way you move and expose yourself is also incredibly important. Particles can even get through gowns so they are not guaranteed to protect the cleanroom from a person\u2019s contaminants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">If the FDA or external auditors come into your cleanroom, the first thing they will do is check your personnel and the way they interact with the cleanroom. So where else do particles come from?<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">They can come from the manufacturing equipment and its moving pieces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Cleaning tools can generate or carry in particles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Raw materials and products can create pieces (think about a glass vial breaking and the contamination that can come from that)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 18pt;\">5. Key Things To Watch For In Your Particle Counter?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Technology always has limits and key factors to pay attention to. The following are some metrics that will need to be monitored and maintained in your particle counter to make sure they function properly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Concentration Limit<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">As with all technology, there are known limits. In particle counters, this is the concentration limit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">If too many particles are counted, then the ability of the sensor to distinguish between one particle and multiple particles is diminished. This means it could read multiple particles as one larger particle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Why does this matter? Well, you want to know accurately the size of the particles in your cleanroom. This matters for production, but also for certification.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">But, in cleanrooms, concentration should remain low if particles are being kept out of the cleanroom. If everything is working correctly, you shouldn\u2019t be seeing many particles at all.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Flow Rate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">This is the volume of air or gas passing through the particle counter one unit at a time. This is dictated by the vacuum moving the air through the laser.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">If the flow rate is too fast, the particle will reflect less light. This will result in the particle being counted as a small particle when it\u2019s actually larger.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">The same is true for the reverse: if the flow rate is too slow, the particle will reflect more light as it sits in the laser for a longer period of time. This will result in a large particle being recorded when it doesn\u2019t actually exist.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Choosing Your Particle Counter<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">Depending on the size of your cleanroom and how many areas you need to test, there are numerous options for you to choose for your cleanroom. But we always recommend going with best practices and technology that sets industry standards, such as our real-time particle monitoring systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">These systems will notify you immediately if something is amiss, which allows for less contamination and a quick response time. They are designed to keep you from experiencing reduced yield during production and optimizing your cleanroom.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"image-hover-icon\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 25px; height: 25px; cursor: pointer; left: 234.444px; top: 24px; display: none; opacity: 0.7;\" src=\"chrome-extension:\/\/opimdenmabjbacmheeebgjckapkmedkp\/src\/public\/images\/128px.png\" \/><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Particle counters do just that: they count particles. They are used in\u00a0cleanrooms\u00a0to count and size the particles in the air &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1390,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[108,69,43],"class_list":["post-1389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc-san-pham-kien-thuc","tag-iso-14644-12015","tag-may-dem-hat","tag-phong-sach"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>5 Fundamentals Of Particle Counters<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"M\u00e1y \u0111\u1ebfm h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, 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